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Part 1: Group Profile and Proposal Basis

Based on 222 field surveys, this profile identifies the demographic and labor realities of female construction workers who contributed to the development of urban centers, yet are often marginalized.

Counterintuitively, they are a veteran workforce characterized by high tenure and extreme labor intensity:

  • Professional Experience: Average industry tenure of 13.1 years; mean age of 45.4.

  • Demographic Concentration: 70.45% are aged 41–55; only 5.86% are under 30.

  • Educational Attainment: 72.5% possess a lower secondary education (junior high) or below.

  • Operational Intensity: High-density labor averaging 27.6 days per month and 9.5 hours per shift.

Age distribution
Education level

Part 2: Current Status of Labor Rights

Systemic informality divests the vast majority of female construction workers of fundamental legal protections.

This structural marginalization manifests as​

  • Precarious labor relations

  • Critically low social insurance participation

  • Systematic gender-based inequity

Employment contract signing status
Social insurance coverage
88.64%

The lack of employer-funded skills training creates a "skills trap."

78.18%

Men are perceived to have more opportunities for promotion.

44.55%

Men earn higher wages in the same job category.

Part 4: Family and Social Stress

Construction women are the breadwinners of their families, bearing a double burden. They send most of their income back to their hometowns to support an average of 2.9 family members, sacrificing personal savings and time with their families in the process. This economic self-sacrifice leaves them extremely financially vulnerable.
Family savings last
Children's education status
60.00%

Sending half or more of their income home each month.

84.55%

Feeling "worried" about their retirement life.

Part 3: Safety and Health Challenges

Female construction workers face a dual-risk environment where physical hazards are compounded by systemic neglect:

  • Occupational Safety: Deadline-driven pressures and the structural inability to refuse hazardous tasks contribute to a 16.2% six-month injury rate.

  • Infrastructure Deficiencies: Severe gaps in workplace hygiene and gender-specific health provisions compromise long-term physical well-being.

  • Psychosocial Burden: Pervasive verbal harassment, reported by 42.8% of workers, creates a critical threat to psychological health."

Key safety risk factors
44.09%

Sanitary facilities are "poor, dirty, and inconvenient".

42.80%

Experienced uncomfortable verbal harassment over the past year.

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